Verb Phrases & Tenses

Pengertian Verb Phrase

Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa main verb dan auxiliary verb-nya, sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verbbeserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement, dan/atau modifier, kecuali subjek kalimat.

Verb Phrase
Traditional Grammar	main verb
Generative Grammar	+/- auxiliary verb + main verb +/- complement +/- modifier

KETERANGAN:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

Contoh Kalimat Verb Phrase	Verb Phrase
	Traditional Grammar	Generative Grammar
He sleeps without a pillow. (Dia tidur tanpa bantal.)	sleeps	sleeps without a pillow
I will ask you a question. (Saya akan menanyakan satu pertanyaan kepadamu.)	will ask	will ask you a question

Pengertian Tenses

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa. Di Indonesia dikenal 16 macam tenses bahasa Inggris.

Berikut macam-macam, penggunaan, rumus dan contoh 16 macam tenses bahasa Inggris.

Penggunaan dan Rumus Tenses	Contoh Kalimat Tenses
Simple Present Tense
Tense ini untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini.	We agree with the speaker’s opinion. (Kami setuju dengan opini

Simple Past Tense
Tense ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau.	The party started at 10.00 a.m. (Pesta dimulai jam 10 pagi.)
S + V-2

Simple Future Tense
Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana.	You will win the game. (Kamu akan memenangkan permainan tersebut.)
S + will + bare infinitive S + be (is/am/are) + going to + bare infinitive	I am going to meet him tomorrow. (Saya akan menemuinya besok.)

Source :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-verb-phrase 

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-verb-phrase-jawabannya 

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-16-tenses-inggris 

https://denichaalviana.wordpress.com/2016/04/24/verb-phrases-and-tenses/

Relative Clauses

A relative clause is one that’s connected to the main clause of the sentence by a word such as who, whom, which, that, or whose. For example:

It reminded him of the house that he used to live in.

The items, which are believed to be family heirlooms, included a grandfather clock worth around £3,000.

There are two types of relative clause: restrictive (or defining) relative clauses and non-restrictive (or non-defining) relative clauses. The difference between them is as follows:

• A restrictive relative clause provides essential information about the noun to which it refers. It cannot be left out of the sentence without affecting the meaning. The highlighted section of the first sentence above is a restrictive relative clause. If it was left out, the sentence would not make sense:

It reminded him of the house. [which house?]

• A non-restrictive relative clause provides information that can be left out without affecting the meaning or structure of the sentence. The highlighted section of the second sentence above is a non-restrictive relative clause. If it was left out, the sentence would still make perfect sense:

The items included a grandfather clock worth around £3,000.

You do not need to put a comma before restrictive relative clauses. On the other hand, non-restrictive relative clauses should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas. For example:

A list of contents would have made it easier to steer through the book, which also lacks a map.

Bill, who had fallen asleep on the sofa, suddenly roused himself.

In British English, restrictive relative clauses can be introduced by that or which when they are referring to things rather than people:

The coat that/which Dan had on yesterday was new.

In this sentence, the writer is identifying the coat by saying it’s the one Dan was wearing yesterday, as opposed to any other coats he might own.

Non-restrictive relative clauses must always be introduced by which and never by that:

The coat, which Dan had on yesterday, was made of pure alpaca and cost a bomb.

In this sentence, there’s no need to identify the coat – it’s already been mentioned. But the writer is providing a bit of background context by telling us that Dan was wearing it yesterday.

Passive Voice, Causative Have

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

• The students (subject recieving action) are taught (passive verb) by the professor.(doing action)
• The dishes (subject recieving action) are washed (passive verb) by john. (doing action)

Simple Present : Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Simple Past : The car was repaired by Sam.

Simple Future (will) : The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

Simple Future (be going to) : A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

Present Continuous : Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Present Perfect : That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect Continuous : Recently, the work has been being done by John.

Past Perfect : Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic’s license.

Past Perfect Continuous : The restaurant’s fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Causative Verbs

The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen.

Here are some specific examples of how causative verbs work in English sentences.

LET , permit something to happen

Grammatical structure:

• LET + PERSON/THING + VERB (base form)

Examples:

• I don’t let my kids watch violent movies.
• Mary’s father won’t let her adopt a puppy because he’s allergic to dogs.
• Our boss doesn’t let us eat lunch at our desks; we have to eat in the cafeteria.
• Oops! I wasn’t paying attention while cooking, and I let the food
• Don’t let the advertising expenses surpass $1000.

Remember: The past tense of let is also let; there is no change!

Note: The verbs allow and permit are more formal ways to say “let.” However, with allow and permit, we use to + verb:

• I don’t allow my kids to watch violent movies.
• Our boss doesn’t permit us to eat lunch at our desks.

MAKE , force or require someone to take an action

Grammatical structure:

• MAKE + PERSON + VERB (base form)

Examples:

• After Billy broke the neighbor’s window, his parents made him pay for it.
• My ex-boyfriend loved sci-fi and made me watch every episode of his favorite show.
• The teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts were not acceptable.

Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb.

• The school requires the students to wear 
  “Require” often implies that there is a rule.
• The hijacker forced the pilots to take the plane in a different direction.
  “Force” often implies violence, threats, or extremely strong pressure

HAVE,  give someone else the responsibility to do something

Grammatical structure:

• HAVE + PERSON + VERB (base form)
• HAVE + THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB

Examples of grammatical structure #1:

• I’ll have my assistant call you to reschedule the appointment.
• The businessman had his secretary make copies of the report.

Examples of grammatical structure #2:

• I’m going to have my hair cut 
• We’re having our house painted this weekend.
• Bob had his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!
• My washing machine is broken; I need to have it

Note: In informal speech, we often use get in these cases:

• I’m going to get my hair cut 
• We’re getting our house painted this weekend.
• Bob got his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!
• My washing machine is broken; I need to get it

GET,  convince/encourage someone to do something

Grammatical structure:

• GET + PERSON + TO + VERB

Examples:

• How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
• My husband hates housework; I can never get him to wash the dishes!
• I was nervous about eating sushi, but my brother got me to try it at a Japanese restaurant.
• The non-profit got a professional photographer to take photos at the event for free.

HELP, assist someone in doing something

Grammatical structure:

• HELP + PERSON + VERB (base form)
• HELP + PERSON + TO + VERB

After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are correct. In general, the form without “to” is more common:

• He helped me carry the boxes.
• He helped me to carry the boxes.
• Reading before bed helps me
• Reading before bed helps me to relax.

SOURCE

http://www.espressoenglish.net/causative-verbs-in-english-let-make-have-get-help/

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

https://zehanwidiastuti.wordpress.com/2015/05/31/passive-voice-causative-have/

Connectors

‘Connectors’ are used to link large groups of words: phrases and sentences. You can also use them to connect paragraphs to give them coherence. Sentence connectors are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and may be categorized as follows :

Source : 

https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/list-of-sentence-connectors-in-english/

http://www.glasshead.co.uk/fotutumas

Adjectives & Adverbs

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Examples:

That is a cute puppy.
She likes a high school senior.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

Examples:

That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).

Examples:

He speaks slowly (tells how)

He speaks very slowly (the adverb very tells how slowly)

She arrived today (tells when)

She will arrive in an hour (this adverb phrase tells when)

Let's go outside (tells where)

We looked in the basement (this adverb phrase tells where)

Bernie left to avoid trouble (this adverb phrase tells why)

Jorge works out strenuously (tells to what extent)

Jorge works out whenever possible (this adverb phrase tells to what extent)

Source : https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/adjAdv.asp

PRONOUNS

Pronouns atau yang biasa disebut dengan "kata ganti" adalah kata-kata yang biasa digunakan untuk mengantikan kata orang atau benda. Sehingga pada saat penulisan kalimat yang jika dalam satu kalimat terdapat banyak sekali pengulangan kata, kita bisa menggantinya dengan kata ganti yang lain sesuai dengan kata tersebut.

 Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns).

 Tapi sebelum itu, untuk memudahkan kita belajar pronouns kita bisa lihat kata ganti apa saja yang akan dipakai sesuai fungsinya masing-masing.

Subject Pronoun	Object Pronoun
I	Me
You (Singular)	You
You (Pulral)	You
We	Us
They	Them
He	Him
She	Her
It	It

A.      Penggunaan subject pronoun.

Subject pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai subject.

• I, you, we, they, he, dan she digunakan untuk mengganti orang. Selain itu, “they ” juga digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns. He dan she juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan hewan, khususnya hewan peliharaan. Dan khusus untuk “she ‘ juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan kapal laut.
• ”It ” untuk menggantikan benda mati dan tumbuhan tunggal.
• He, she dan it adalah singular subject (orang ketiga tunggal) yang selalu diikuti oleh singular verb.

Penggunaan subject pronoun ada 4, yaitu:

a.    Pada umumnya subject pronoun diletakkan di awal kalimat (sebelum verb).

1.       I love you.

2.       He is my brother.

3.        She likes writing a poem. (Dia suka menulis puisi).

4.       Two cars were reported stolen last night. They haven’t been found yet. (Dua mobil dilaporkan dicuri tadi malam. Mereka (kedua mobil itu) belum ditemukan).

5.       You have to buy a good English dictionary. (Kamu harus membeli sebuah kamus bahasa Inggris yang baik).

6.       We planted a rose plant last month. It is growing well now. (Kami menanam sebuah tanaman mawar sebulan yang lalu. Dia (tanaman mawar itu) sedang tumbuh dengan baik sekarang).

b.      (it/that/this/these/those/there) + (to be) + subject pronoun

Dalam pola-pola seperti ini, it, that, this, these, those dan there hanya berfungsi sebagai pseudo-subject (subject semu). Subject yang sebenarnya adalah nouns setelah to be. Olehnya itu, pronoun yang tepat digunakan setelah to be adalah subject pronoun.

1.    It was I who broke the mirror. (Adalah saya (sayalah) yang memecahkan cermin itu).

2.    There is he here now. You should come here quickly if you want to        meet him. (Ada dia di sini sekarang. Kamu harus datang ke sini dengan cepat jika kamu ingin bertemu dia).

3.    This is I. I am just an ordinary person. (Inilah saya. Saya hanyalah seorang manusia biasa).

c.        Setelah expression as… as dalam kalimat equal comparison.

1.       He is as smart as she. (Dia (cowok) sama pintarnya dengan dia (cewek).

2.       Maria has the same preference as they. (Maria punya kesukaan yang sama dengan mereka).

d.       Setelah than dalam kalimat unequal comparison.

1.       I am smarter than he. (Saya lebih pintar dari dia).

2.       They study harder than she. (Mereka belajar lebih giat dari dia).

e.      Setelah different from.

1.       We are different from they. (Kita beda dengan mereka).

2.        Although they are twins, she is different from he. (Walaupun mereka kembar, dia (cewek) beda dengan dia).

Note: In speaking (informal occasion), pronoun pada kalimat-kalimat di poin b – d lebih sering dinyatakan dengan object pronoun, menjadi:

1.       It was me who broke the mirror.

2.       He is as smart as her.

3.        I am smarter than him.

4.       We are different from them. dan seterusnya.

Walaupun lebih sering digunakan secara informal, penggunaan object pronoun ini (poin b-d) dianggap gramatically incorrect. Jadi, jika anda ikut ujian TOEFL atau test lainnya selalu pilihsubject pronoun, bukan object pronoun.

B.   Penggunaan object pronoun

Object pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai object dan diletakkan setelah verb.

Contoh:

1.    Yeyes gave me a piece of cake (Yeyes memberi saya sepotong kue)

2.     Yeyes gave you a piece of cake, too. (Yeyes memberi kamu sepotong kue juga)

3.    Yeyes did not give him a piece of cake. (Yeyes tidak memberi dia sepotong kue).

4.    I like her. (Saya suka dia).

5.    Do you like your new bicycle? Yes, I like it very much. (Apakah kamu suka sepeda barumu? Ya, saya menyukainya dengan sangat)

6.    Koko helped us clean the house. (Koko membantu kami membersihkan rumah).

7.    Yeyes taught him to do his homework. (Yeyes mengajarinya mengerjakan PR).

8.    Didit saw us on the football field. (Didit melihat kita di lapangan sepakbola)

9.    She hates me because I am very, very naughty. (Dia membenciku karena saya sangat,sangat jahil).

Source : http://sekolahmandiri.blogspot.com/2012/06/perubahan-subject-pronoun-menjadi.html